Facts on Hispanics of Panamanian origin in the United States, 2021

An estimated 240,000 Hispanics of Panamanian origin lived in the United States in 2021, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Panamanians in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Panamanian origin; this includes immigrants from Panama and those who trace their family ancestry to Panama.

Panamanians are the 15th-largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for less than 1% of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2021. From 2000 to 2021, the Panamanian-origin population increased 134%, growing from 100,000 to 240,000. At the same time, the Panamanian foreign-born population living in the U.S. grew by 38%, from 60,000 in 2000 to 85,000 in 2021.

For a downloadable spreadsheet of these findings, see “U.S. Hispanic population data (detailed tables).”

The following key facts compare demographic and economic characteristics of the Panamanian-origin population in the U.S. with the characteristics of U.S. Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. They are based on Pew Research Center tabulations of the 2021 American Community Survey.

Immigration status

• Among Hispanics in the U.S., 32% are foreign born, compared with 36% of Panamanians.
• 71% of foreign-born Panamanians have been in the U.S. for over 20 years, and 73% of foreign-born Panamanians are U.S. citizens.

Educational attainment

• 20% of U.S. Hispanics ages 25 and older have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 38% of Panamanians.
• Among Panamanians ages 25 and older, the U.S. born are more likely than the foreign born to have a bachelor’s degree or higher (45% vs. 31%).

Income

• Among U.S. Hispanics, the median annual personal earnings for those ages 16 and older was $30,000, compared with $36,000 for Panamanians.
• Looking at full-time, year-round workers, U.S. Hispanics earned less than Panamanians ($40,000 vs. $50,000).

Poverty status

• The share of all U.S. Hispanics who live in poverty (18%) is greater than among Panamanians (12%).
• 12% of U.S.-born Panamanians live in poverty, as do 13% of foreign-born Panamanians.

Homeownership

• The rate of homeownership among U.S. Hispanic households (51%) is lower than the rate for Panamanian households (54%).
• Among Panamanian households in the U.S., rates of homeownership are lower for households headed by a U.S.-born than a foreign-born Panamanian (51% vs. 57%).

Top states of residence

• The Panamanian population is concentrated in Florida (17%), New York (17%), California (10%), Texas (9%) and Georgia (8%).

Age

• The median age of U.S. Hispanics (29.5) is lower than that of Panamanians (33.0) and the U.S. population (37.8).

Marital status

• Of those ages 18 and older, U.S. Hispanics overall are more likely than Panamanians to be married (46% vs. 41%).
• Among Panamanians ages 18 and older, those who are foreign born are more likely to be married than the U.S. born (46% vs. 37%).

Fertility

• 6% of U.S. Hispanic females ages 15 to 44 gave birth in the 12 months prior to the July 2021 American Community Survey. The rate for Panamanian females was the same (6%).

Language

• 72% of U.S. Hispanics ages 5 and older speak only English at home or speak English at least “very well,” compared with 87% of Panamanians.
• 67% of Hispanic adults are English proficient, as are 85% of Panamanian adults.

Note: This is an update of a fact sheet originally published in September 2019, which former Research Analyst Antonio Flores contributed to and co-wrote.

Methodology

Pew Research Center’s fact sheets on U.S. Latinos and the accompanying blog post examine the Latino population of the United States overall and by its 17 largest origin groups – Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Dominicans, Cubans, Guatemalans, Colombians, Hondurans, Spaniards, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Venezuelans, Nicaraguans, Argentines, Panamanians, Chileans and Costa Ricans. These sheets provide detailed geographic, demographic and economic characteristics for all Latinos and for each Latino origin group. They are based on the Center’s tabulations of the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2010 and 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) and the 2000 U.S. decennial census.

The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of more than 3 million addresses. It covers the topics previously covered in the long form of the decennial census. The ACS is designed to provide estimates of the size and characteristics of the resident population, which includes persons living in households and group quarters. For more about the ACS, including the sampling strategy and associated error, see the 2010 or 2021 American Community Survey’s Accuracy of the Data document provided by the Census Bureau.

The specific data sources for these fact sheets are the 1% samples of the 2010 and 2021 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) provided by the University of Minnesota and the 5% sample of the 2000 decennial census. IPUMS assigns uniform codes, to the extent possible, to data collected by the decennial census and the ACS from 1850 to 2021. For more information about IPUMS, including variable definition and sampling error, please visit the “IPUMS Documentation and User Guide.”

Due to differences in the way in which IPUMS and Census Bureau adjust income data and assign poverty status, data provided on these topics might differ from data that are provided by the Census Bureau.

For the purposes of these fact sheets, the foreign born include those persons who identified as naturalized citizens or noncitizens and are living in the 50 states or the District of Columbia. Persons born in Puerto Rico and other outlying territories of the U.S. and who are now living in the 50 states or D.C. are included in the U.S.-born population.