| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 65% | 13% | 11% | 10% | 1% | 373 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: At least once a week
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among adults in the Riverside metro area by religious group
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Religious tradition | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evangelical Protestant | 74% | 13% | 10% | 3% | 1% | 115 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Learn More: At least once a week
Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are ages…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 25% | 34% | 24% | 16% | 242 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 17% | 13% | 29% | 27% | 13% | 1% | 242 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 46% | 54% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who identify as…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 37% | 7% | 5% | 49% | 2% | 243 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 30% | 15% | 55% | 240 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who have a household income of…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 40% | 17% | 29% | 13% | 209 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who have completed…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 50% | 33% | 11% | 6% | 243 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 50% | 8% | 10% | 10% | 22% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 38% | 62% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say they…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 73% | 16% | 4% | 1% | 4% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say religion is…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 62% | 20% | 10% | 8% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who attend religious services…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 43% | 33% | 23% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who pray…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 73% | 11% | 5% | 11% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who attend prayer group…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 38% | 12% | 7% | 43% | < 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who meditate…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 57% | 8% | 1% | 32% | 3% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 54% | 13% | 9% | 20% | 4% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 50% | 10% | 33% | 6% | 2% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 42% | 54% | 2% | 2% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who read scripture…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 53% | 11% | 6% | 28% | 2% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say the holy scripture is…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 39% | 27% | 2% | 23% | 9% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who …in heaven
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 75% | 18% | 7% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who …in hell
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 64% | 28% | 8% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who identify as…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 35% | 24% | 41% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who are…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 43% | 32% | 21% | 5% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who would rather have…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 44% | 52% | 3% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say government aid to the poor…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 45% | 51% | 2% | 1% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say abortion should be…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 40% | 53% | 7% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say homosexuality…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 58% | 34% | 5% | 3% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who …same-sex marriage
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 46% | 49% | 4% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 36% | 57% | 2% | 5% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among adults in the Riverside metro area by frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing
% of adults in the Riverside metro area who say humans…
| Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least once a week | 22% | 23% | 4% | 46% | 5% | 244 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
