Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are ages…
| Parent of children under 18 | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 23% | 63% | 12% | 3% | 259 |
| Non-parents | 17% | 22% | 40% | 21% | 895 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 10% | 23% | 52% | 12% | 3% | < 1% | 259 |
| Non-parents | 12% | 7% | 20% | 46% | 13% | 2% | 895 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 29% | 71% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 42% | 58% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who identify as…
| Parent of children under 18 | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | < 1% | 97% | < 1% | 2% | < 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | < 1% | 98% | < 1% | 2% | < 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 5% | 2% | 93% | 261 |
| Non-parents | 3% | 3% | 94% | 889 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who have a household income of…
| Parent of children under 18 | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 57% | 21% | 13% | 9% | 250 |
| Non-parents | 55% | 21% | 18% | 6% | 802 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who have completed…
| Parent of children under 18 | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 49% | 35% | 12% | 5% | 265 |
| Non-parents | 59% | 28% | 8% | 4% | 905 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 32% | 11% | 15% | 4% | 38% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 27% | 5% | 21% | 12% | 35% | 905 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say they…
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 87% | 9% | 1% | 1% | < 1% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 88% | 10% | 1% | < 1% | < 1% | < 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say religion is…
| Parent of children under 18 | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 81% | 16% | 2% | 1% | < 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 87% | 11% | 1% | < 1% | < 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who attend religious services…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 43% | 46% | 11% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 51% | 38% | 10% | < 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who pray…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 75% | 15% | 4% | 5% | < 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 79% | 12% | 4% | 4% | 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who attend prayer group…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 34% | 16% | 10% | 39% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 43% | 15% | 10% | 31% | 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who meditate…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 45% | 9% | 5% | 38% | 2% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 55% | 9% | 3% | 31% | 2% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 68% | 16% | 7% | 7% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 72% | 10% | 7% | 9% | 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 36% | 15% | 12% | 37% | < 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 43% | 16% | 11% | 29% | 2% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Sources of guidance on right and wrong among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong
| Parent of children under 18 | Religion | Philosophy/reason | Common sense | Science | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 42% | 7% | 44% | 5% | 2% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 46% | 5% | 43% | 4% | 2% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say…
| Parent of children under 18 | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 26% | 73% | 1% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 26% | 73% | 1% | 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who read scripture…
| Parent of children under 18 | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 55% | 15% | 6% | 24% | < 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 59% | 14% | 9% | 17% | 1% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say the holy scripture is…
| Parent of children under 18 | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 55% | 22% | 2% | 13% | 8% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 62% | 21% | 2% | 8% | 6% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who …in heaven
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 93% | 3% | 4% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 93% | 5% | 3% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who …in hell
| Parent of children under 18 | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 78% | 15% | 6% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 80% | 13% | 7% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who identify as…
| Parent of children under 18 | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 11% | 6% | 83% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 8% | 8% | 84% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Political ideology among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who are…
| Parent of children under 18 | Conservative | Moderate | Liberal | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 41% | 33% | 22% | 4% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 32% | 35% | 27% | 6% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who would rather have…
| Parent of children under 18 | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 16% | 79% | 2% | 3% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 23% | 72% | 2% | 3% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say government aid to the poor…
| Parent of children under 18 | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 25% | 70% | 4% | 1% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 25% | 69% | 3% | 2% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say abortion should be…
| Parent of children under 18 | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 62% | 33% | 4% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 54% | 40% | 6% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say homosexuality…
| Parent of children under 18 | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 59% | 33% | 5% | 4% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 54% | 37% | 5% | 3% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who …same-sex marriage
| Parent of children under 18 | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 43% | 48% | 9% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 42% | 49% | 9% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say…
| Parent of children under 18 | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 34% | 61% | 2% | 3% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 36% | 59% | 2% | 4% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition by parental status
% of baptists in the Historically Black Protestant Tradition who say humans…
| Parent of children under 18 | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | 17% | 36% | 3% | 39% | 5% | 266 |
| Non-parents | 17% | 29% | 3% | 45% | 6% | 910 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
