Demographic✭Information
Age distribution among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are ages…
| Survey year | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-64 | 65+ | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 38% | 36% | 17% | 9% | 697 |
| 2007 | 34% | 40% | 20% | 6% | 175 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Generational cohort among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…
| Survey year | Younger Millennial | Older Millennial | Generation X | Baby Boomer | Silent | Greatest | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 24% | 22% | 27% | 20% | 6% | < 1% | 697 |
| 2007 | < 1% | 25% | 39% | 25% | 9% | 1% | 175 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Gender composition among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…
| Survey year | Men | Women | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 54% | 46% | 707 |
| 2007 | 61% | 39% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Racial and ethnic composition among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who identify as…
| Survey year | White | Black | Asian | Latino | Other/Mixed | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 66% | 5% | 7% | 15% | 6% | 703 |
| 2007 | 74% | 5% | 8% | 12% | 1% | 179 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Immigrant status among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…
| Survey year | Immigrants | Second generation | Third generation or higher | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 19% | 15% | 66% | 698 |
| 2007 | 23% | 8% | 69% | 178 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Income distribution among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who have a household income of…
| Survey year | Less than $30,000 | $30,000-$49,999 | $50,000-$99,999 | $100,000 or more | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 27% | 18% | 25% | 31% | 652 |
| 2007 | 21% | 19% | 30% | 31% | 159 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Educational distribution among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who have completed…
| Survey year | High school or less | Some college | College | Post-graduate degree | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 23% | 29% | 26% | 22% | 705 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Marital status among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…
| Survey year | Married | Living with a partner | Divorced/separated | Widowed | Never married | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 40% | 13% | 10% | 2% | 36% | 703 |
| 2007 | 53% | 5% | 10% | 2% | 29% | 179 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Parent of children under 18 among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who are…
| Survey year | Parents | Non-parents | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 26% | 74% | 706 |
| 2007 | 29% | 71% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Beliefs✭and✭Practices
Belief in God among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say they…
| Survey year | Believe in God; absolutely certain | Believe in God; fairly certain | Believe in God; not too/not at all certain | Believe in God; don't know | Do not believe in God | Other/don't know if they believe in God | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 11% | 14% | 10% | 1% | 60% | 4% | 707 |
| 2007 | 15% | 22% | 9% | < 1% | 45% | 9% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Importance of religion in one's life among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say religion is…
| Survey year | Very important | Somewhat important | Not too important | Not at all important | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 3% | 12% | 21% | 63% | < 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 5% | 18% | 23% | 52% | 2% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Attendance at religious services among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who attend religious services…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month/a few times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | < 1% | 15% | 84% | < 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 1% | 17% | 82% | 1% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of prayer among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who pray…
| Survey year | At least daily | Weekly | Monthly | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 9% | 7% | 4% | 81% | < 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 10% | 7% | 8% | 75% | < 1% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who attend prayer group…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 1% | 2% | 1% | 95% | < 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 3% | 3% | 1% | 92% | 1% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of meditation among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who meditate…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 21% | 9% | 5% | 64% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 23% | 11% | 6% | 57% | 2% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 39% | 19% | 7% | 33% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 31% | 15% | 14% | 37% | 2% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 54% | 16% | 12% | 17% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 47% | 17% | 14% | 21% | 2% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say…
| Survey year | There are clear standards for what is right and wrong | Right or wrong depends on the situation | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 14% | 85% | < 1% | 1% | 707 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Frequency of reading scripture among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who read scripture…
| Survey year | At least once a week | Once or twice a month | Several times a year | Seldom/never | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 2% | 2% | 5% | 91% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 8% | 1% | 5% | 85% | 1% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Interpreting scripture among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say the holy scripture is…
| Survey year | Word of God; should be taken literally | Word of God; not everything taken literally | Word of God; other/don't know | Not the word of God | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 3% | 4% | < 1% | 89% | 4% | 707 |
| 2007 | 3% | 9% | < 1% | 81% | 7% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Heaven among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …in heaven
| Survey year | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 17% | 76% | 6% | 707 |
| 2007 | 18% | 71% | 11% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Belief in Hell among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …in hell
| Survey year | Believe | Don't believe | Other/don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 13% | 83% | 4% | 707 |
| 2007 | 6% | 85% | 9% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Social✭and✭Political✭Views
Party affiliation among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who identify as…
| Survey year | Republican/lean Rep. | No lean | Democrat/lean Dem. | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 5% | 11% | 84% | 707 |
| 2007 | 4% | 13% | 83% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about size of government among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who would rather have…
| Survey year | Smaller government; fewer services | Bigger government; more services | Depends | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 25% | 68% | 4% | 3% | 707 |
| 2007 | 34% | 57% | 3% | 7% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about government aid to the poor among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say government aid to the poor…
| Survey year | Does more harm than good | Does more good than harm | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 16% | 81% | 2% | 2% | 707 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about abortion among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say abortion should be…
| Survey year | Legal in all/most cases | Illegal in all/most cases | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 85% | 11% | 3% | 707 |
| 2007 | 86% | 13% | 1% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about homosexuality among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say homosexuality…
| Survey year | Should be accepted | Should be discouraged | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 94% | 5% | 1% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 87% | 10% | 2% | 2% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about same-sex marriage among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who …same-sex marriage
| Survey year | Strongly favor/favor | Oppose/strongly oppose | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 92% | 6% | 2% | 707 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about environmental regulation among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say…
| Survey year | Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy | Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost | Neither/both equally | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 11% | 87% | 2% | 1% | 707 |
| 2007 | 10% | 84% | 2% | 4% | 181 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
Views about human evolution among the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong
% of the Unaffiliated liberals who say science is their primary source of guidance on what's right and wrong who say humans…
| Survey year | Evolved; due to natural processes | Evolved; due to God's design | Evolved; don't know how | Always existed in present form | Don't know | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014 | 86% | 6% | 1% | 7% | 1% | 707 |
Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.
