Note: For the latest data on this topic, read our 2022 blog post.
Amid widespread reports of discrimination and violence against Asian Americans during the coronavirus outbreak, 32% of Asian adults say they have feared someone might threaten or physically attack them – a greater share than other racial or ethnic groups. The vast majority of Asian adults (81%) also say violence against them is increasing, far surpassing the share of all U.S. adults (56%) who say the same, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.
The new survey was conducted April 5 to 11, after the fatal shooting of six Asian women and two other people in the Atlanta area on March 16 and assaults on Asian Americans that occurred that same month (Asian adults were interviewed in English only). President Joe Biden spoke out against anti-Asian discrimination and violence a few days after the shooting.
Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand the extent of discrimination experienced by Asian Americans and other groups amid the coronavirus outbreak, as well as their perceptions of violence against Asian people. For this analysis, we surveyed 5,109 U.S. adults, including 352 Asian adults, from April 5 to 11, 2021, using Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology.
The survey was fielded after President Joe Biden’s March 10 address, in which he called attention to and condemned a rise in violence against Asian Americans, the March 16 mass shootings in the Atlanta area in which seven women – six of whom were Asian – and one man were killed by a White man, as well as assaults on Asian Americans that occurred that same month.
All racial groups shown in this analysis refer to single-race, non-Hispanic populations. Hispanics are of any race. Asian adults were interviewed in English only.
Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with its responses and its methodology.
The survey includes a total sample size of 352 Asian adults. The sample only includes English-speaking Asian Americans and, therefore, may not be representative of the overall Asian population (72% of our weighted Asian sample was born in another country, compared with 77% of the Asian adult population in the U.S. overall). Despite this limitation, it is important to report the views of Asian Americans on the topics in this study. Because of the relatively small sample size and a reduction in precision due to weighting, we are not able to analyze Asian respondents by demographic categories such as gender, age, or education. For more, see “Polling methods are changing, but reporting the views of Asian Americans remains a challenge.”
Overall, 45% of Asian adults say they have experienced at least one of five specific offensive incidents since the start of the coronavirus outbreak. At the same time, 32% say someone has expressed support for them since the start of the pandemic.
Some 27% say people acted as if they were uncomfortable around them, down from 39% who said the same in June 2020. Another 27% say they have been subject to slurs or jokes, the same share as in 2020. Meanwhile, lower shares say someone has made a remark that they should go back to their home country (16%) or that they are to blame for the coronavirus outbreak (14%).
Asian respondents who say violence against their group in the U.S. is increasing give many reasons for the rise, according to an open-ended question in which people responded in their own words. Some 20% directly cited former President Donald Trump and his rhetoric about China as the source of the pandemic, his racist comments or his labeling the coronavirus as the “kung flu” or “Chinese flu” as one of the reasons for the rise in violence. Some 16% cited racism in the United States against Asian people as the source of violence, and another 15% said the rise in violence is due to COVID-19 and its impacts on the nation. An additional 12% said scapegoating and blaming Asian people for the pandemic has been responsible for the rise in violence against the U.S. Asian population. About three-in-ten Asian respondents who say violence against their group in the U.S. is increasing (29%) did not provide an answer to the open-ended question.
Some cited several reasons together for the rise in violence against Asian people in the U.S. One respondent said, “Four years of Trump has normalized racism and bullying. His continual example of blaming Asians for the coronavirus is allowing people to openly discriminate against Asian[s].” Another respondent mentioned that “they are blaming Asians for the coronavirus pandemic, thinking they bring this to our country.” And a third respondent cited “a mix of coronavirus news and its origins in China coupled with talks regarding racial inequality. Asians are not accepted as people of color as they are seen as the model minority, but also are seen as foreign because they are not White.”
The nation’s Asian population recorded the fastest growth rate among all racial and ethnic groups in the United States between 2000 and 2019. Asian Americans are also the fastest growing racial or ethnic group in the U.S. electorate. Numbering more than 20 million, the Asian population in the United States is a diverse group, with origins from more than 20 countries in East and Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Experiences with discrimination among Asian adults were widely reported before the pandemic. About three-in-four Asian Americans (73%) say they have personally experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity, according to the April 2021 Pew Research Center survey. This share is unchanged from June 2020 and is about the same as prior to the pandemic, when 76% of Asian adults in February 2019 said they had personally experienced discrimination or unfair treatment because of their race or ethnicity.
The April survey also found that Asian adults are more likely to express fear over discrimination than other groups. About a third (32%) say they fear someone might threaten or physically attack them, a greater share than among Black adults (21%), Hispanic adults (16%) or White adults (8%).
Asian Americans are about as likely as Black adults to say they have been subject to slurs or jokes since the start of the pandemic (27% and 24%, respectively), and more Asian adults say this than Hispanic (19%) and White (9%) adults. By contrast, about four-in-ten Black adults (41%) say people have acted uncomfortable around them since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, a greater share than Asian (27%), Hispanic (27%) and White (17%) adults who report the same.
Similar shares of Asian (16%), Black (15%) and Hispanic (16%) adults say someone has remarked that they should go back to their home country since the start of the pandemic. Just 2% of White adults say this has happened to them.
While about one-third (32%) of Asian adults say someone has expressed support for them because of their race or ethnicity since the pandemic began, a higher share (49%) of Black adults say this.
Since the start of the outbreak, 52% of Black adults, 45% of Asian adults and 39% of Hispanic adults report experiencing at least one of the four incidents all respondents were asked about in the survey. By comparison, 24% of White adults report the same.
An early 2021 Pew Research Center survey found a majority (71%) of U.S. adults see a lot or some discrimination against Asian people, a share similar to the public’s assessments for Black people and Hispanic people. And at the beginning of Biden’s presidency, another Center survey found a majority of Asian Americans did not feel like they would gain influence in Washington with the new president.
Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with its responses and its methodology.
